Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanekal-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 483 ha in Kanekal-2 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soils, 6 per cent by habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 38 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 6 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm) and about 51 per cent soils are deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 49 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 42 per cent loamy soils and 3 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  An area of about 88 per cent has non-gravelly and 7 per cent are gravelly.  About 47 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 32 per cent low (51-100mm/m) and about 15 per cent very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 3 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 49 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 4 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kanekal-2 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 27 (6) 337 (70) Sapota - 46 (9) Maize 27 (6) 110 (23) Guava - 46 (9) Red gram - 273(56) Pomegranate - 273 (56) Bajra 27(6) 356 (74) Jackfruit - 27 (6) Ground nut - 144 (30) Jamun - 246(51) Sunflower - 254 (53) Musambi - 273 (56) Cotton 75 (16) 289 (60) Lime - 273 (56) Bengalgram 75 (16) 289 (60) Cashew - 27 (6) Chilli - 357(74) Custard apple 27 (6) 337 (70) Tomato 27 (6) 129 (27) Amla 27 (6) 337 (70) Drumstick - 273 (56) Tamarind - 246 (51) Mulberry - 27 (6) Marigold - 383 (79) Mango - 47(10) Chrysanthemum - 383 (79) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible, ecological and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the micro watershed. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Kanikal-2 Microwatershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16036' – 16038' North latitudes and 770 17' – 76019' East longitudes, covering an area of about 482.51 ha, bounded by Kanikal, Neelahalli & Gudalagunta villages. Agro Ecological Sub Region (AESR) 6.2: Central and Western Maharashtra Plateau and North Karnataka Plateau and North Western Telangana Plateau, hot moist semi-arid ESR with shallow and medium loamy to clayey Black soil (medium and deep clayey Black soil as inclusion), medium to high AWC and LGP 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal-2 Microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.7 to 43.3 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58.0 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 33.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 15.4 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 100 per cent.  About 53.8 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (23.8 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 84.6 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 23.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation is decisions making are around 53.8 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 3.1 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and semi-medium farmers. The dry land account 60.8 % and irrigated land is 23 % of total cultivated land among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 17.3 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 65.4 per cent.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.12632 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.10594 per household, about 69.2 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.24722 per livestock; about 69 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1018.8 grams (2232.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 15.3 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.30999 per household.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs.3097 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1328.92 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.786723 per year for the total area of 482.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 12599/ ha/year (Table 21 and Figure 11). Per hectare food production services is maximum in redgram (Rs.9415) followed by wheat (Rs.4139), groundnut (Rs.4070) and cotton (Rs.1842)  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs.1662/ ha/year (Table 23). Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in paddy (Rs.1482) followed by groundnut (Rs.1142).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum (Table 22 and Figure 12) in wheat (Rs.53720) followed by redgram (Rs.51938), groundnut (Rs.32067) and cotton (Rs.31513). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (37.4 %) followed by cotton (28.0 %), groundnut (23.5 %), wheat (5.5 %), maize (2.8 %) and paddy (2.8%).  In Kanikal-2 micro-watershed, major soils are soils of alluvial landscape of Sambara (SBR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 15.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (100 %). Soil of 3 Yalleri (YLR) is also having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 7.5 % of area; the crops are paddy (14.3 %) and redgram was 85.7 % each. Nagalapur (NGP) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 5.4 % of areas, crops are redgram (100%). Mundargi (MDG) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 9.7% of area; crops are groundnut (25.0%) and red gram (75.0%). Bhimanahalli (BMN) soil series are having Very deep soil depth cover around 0.5 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are cotton (22.2 %) and redgram (77.8%). Duppali (DPL) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth covers around 12.31 % of area, the major crop grown is cotton (46.2%), groundnut (38.5%) and wheat (15.4). Madhwara (MDR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 31.6 % of areas respectively; crops are cotton.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.44678/ha in SBR soil (with BCR of 1.22) and Rs.16439/ha in NGP soil (with BCR of 1.35).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs 39247/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.06) and Rs.28259/ha in BMN soil (with BCR of 1.09).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 63430/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 45749/ha in MDG soil (with BCR of 1.1).  In wheat cost of cultivation in DPL soil is Rs.49805/ha in (with BCR of 1.08).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (3 to 66.3 %), cotton (0 to 63.6 %), groundnut (0 to 52.8 %), wheat is negative return. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Goudgera Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 493 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 456 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 37 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 64 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm) and 29 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 39 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 37 per cent clayey soils and 17 per cent are sandy soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 91 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 7 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 47 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 21 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 12 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (7.8 - 8.4), 6 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (8.4-9.0) and 1 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 60 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha), 27 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) and 5 per cent low in available phosphorus.  About 74 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium, 8 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 11 per cent low.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 87 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 422(87) Sapota - - Maize - 107(22) Pomegranate - 315(64) Bajra - 422(86) Musambi - 315(64) Groundnut - 87(18) Lime - 315(64) Sunflower - 315(65) Amla - 422(86) Redgram - 233(47) Cashew - - Bengal gram 82 (17) 340(70) Jackfruit - - Cotton 82 (17) 340(70) Jamun - 315(64) Chilli - 422(86) Custard apple - 422(86) Tomato - 107(22) Tamarind - 315(64) Drumstick - 315(64) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 422(86) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 422(86)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Goudagera is located at North latitude 160 39' 31.328" and 160 38' 0.861" and East longitude 770 15' 4.974" and 770 13' 17.424" covering an area of about 492.85 ha coming under Gowdagera and Killanakera Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Goudagera micro watersheds of Nagalapur subwatershed, yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 6 (16.67 %) were marginal, 10 (27.78%)were small, 10 (27.78 %) were Semi medium and 5 (13.89 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 99 (48.53%) men and 105 (51.47 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.16%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 57.35 per cent illiterates, 40.19 per cent pre university education and 1.47 per cent attained graduation.  About, 83.33 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 16.67 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 51.96 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.22 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 83.33 per cent possess TV, 5.56 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.67 per cent possess mobile phones and 13.89 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 47.22 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 41.67 per cent possess bullock cart and 16.67 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 33.33 per cent possess local cow and 33.33 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 11.68 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.13.  Further, 2.78 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 58.10 per cent (51.19 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 41.90 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 30.56 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 97.56 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and Greengram was Rs.27664.31, 39010.47, 28479.44, 25585.40 and 28479.44 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 2.50, 1: 0.90, 1: 0.50 and 1:0.90 respectively.  Further, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 50.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 139136.11 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60108.33 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 83 horticulture trees and 185 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 100.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 102.78 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 105.71 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (19.44%) and oilseeds (8.33%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (86.11%) wild animal menace on farm field (5.56%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.78%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (75.00%), high rate of interest on credit (5.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (83.33%), inadequate extension services (2.78%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Goudgera Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 493 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 456 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 37 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 64 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 to >150 cm) and 29 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 39 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 37 per cent clayey soils and 17 per cent are sandy soils at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 91 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 7 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 47 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 21 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 12 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (7.8 - 8.4), 6 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (8.4-9.0) and 1 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 60 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha), 27 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) and 5 per cent low in available phosphorus.  About 74 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium, 8 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) and 11 per cent low.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 87 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 422(87) Sapota - - Maize - 107(22) Pomegranate - 315(64) Bajra - 422(86) Musambi - 315(64) Groundnut - 87(18) Lime - 315(64) Sunflower - 315(65) Amla - 422(86) Redgram - 233(47) Cashew - - Bengal gram 82 (17) 340(70) Jackfruit - - Cotton 82 (17) 340(70) Jamun - 315(64) Chilli - 422(86) Custard apple - 422(86) Tomato - 107(22) Tamarind - 315(64) Drumstick - 315(64) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 422(86) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 422(86)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Goudagera is located at North latitude 160 39' 31.328" and 160 38' 0.861" and East longitude 770 15' 4.974" and 770 13' 17.424" covering an area of about 492.85 ha coming under Gowdagera and Killanakera Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Goudagera micro watersheds of Nagalapur subwatershed, yadgir taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 6 (16.67 %) were marginal, 10 (27.78%)were small, 10 (27.78 %) were Semi medium and 5 (13.89 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 99 (48.53%) men and 105 (51.47 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (42.16%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 57.35 per cent illiterates, 40.19 per cent pre university education and 1.47 per cent attained graduation.  About, 83.33 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 16.67 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 51.96 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.22 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 83.33 per cent possess TV, 5.56 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.67 per cent possess mobile phones and 13.89 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 47.22 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 41.67 per cent possess bullock cart and 16.67 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 33.33 per cent possess local cow and 33.33 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 11.68 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.13.  Further, 2.78 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 58.10 per cent (51.19 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 41.90 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 30.56 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and Greengram and cropping intensity was recorded as 97.56 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Cotton, Greengram, Sorghum and Greengram was Rs.27664.31, 39010.47, 28479.44, 25585.40 and 28479.44 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 2.50, 1: 0.90, 1: 0.50 and 1:0.90 respectively.  Further, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 50.00 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 139136.11 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60108.33 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 83 horticulture trees and 185 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 100.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 102.78 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 105.71 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (19.44%) and oilseeds (8.33%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (86.11%) wild animal menace on farm field (5.56%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (77.78%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (75.00%), high rate of interest on credit (5.56%), low price for the agricultural commodities (80.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (83.33%), inadequate extension services (2.78%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project